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'?%+$#p_h /[ # #  2 *     -&q/)J @S".3+!(  $5''r'+}*&!()YWW`b$AA%p/ib$`e)6ᾢ{d i"$;@=Mo-,Sl b$h'U(6ANƤ1b$Zr4D*ji,i,b$p_3;J$"$k"zJ:7q lf 0e0e    A AԔ 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E|| "0e@      @ABC DEEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `abN E5%  N E5%  N F   5%    !"?N@ABC DEFFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `ab ݻ3ff3@8wGʚ;^$8ʚ;g4-d-d` 0@ppp@  <4dddd@x 0t<4BdBd@x 0tv80___PPT10 ?-HotOS XI fMicrodrivers: A New Architecture for Device DriversO  =(22Microdrivers A New Architecture for Device Drivers"3 2&"HotOS XI, 8th May 20072Z   3 IntroductionDevice drivers account for a large fraction of kernel code Over 70% in Linux [Chou et al., 2001] Buggy device drivers are a major source of reliability problems Account for over 85% of Windows XP crashes [Orgovan and Tricker, 2003] ;&AG;ff f@+fff3hChallenging to write and debug Writing a device driver Must handle asynchronous events Must obey kernel programming rules Debugging a device driver Non-reproducible failures Fewer advanced development tools Many drivers written by non-kernel experts`C;+C;+7 Macrokernels <User-space device drivers >But&  Limited by existing kernel/driver interface [Van Maren, 1999] Written expecting local procedure calls New interfaces (e.g., new system calls) New device drivers [Chubb 2004, Leslie et al., 2005] |?(a-f(=ff f;!Best of both worlds: Microdrivers  =pHow to produce a microdriver?  JHow big is the kernel driver?Studied 455 drivers from Linux-2.6.18 Identified critical functions Interrupt handlers Tasklets, bottom-halves Supply/receive data to/from the device Plus the functions that they transitively call Analysis is automatic Uses the call-graph of the device driverlD)1 )K  L  M  N W Mechanics  [Architecture of a microdriver \ Communication,Mechanisms for control and data transfer Control transfer: LRPC [Bershad et al., 1990], Nooks XPC [Swift et al., 2003] Stubs in kerndriver for userdriver functions Upcall and downcall mechanism Data transfer: Copy function arguments Copy shared data structures Synchronization done by object tracker<4'< fff fffK]Object tracking 5jObject tracking: Key challenges  ^RecoveryDetect and recover from failed userdriver Ideally transparent to applications Detection done at interface Parameter checks and timeouts Recovery  compatible with prior work Shadow driver mechanism [Swift et al., 2004] SafeDrive recovery mechanism [Zhou et al., 2006]*$&^*$&   f  f  f     f  f  f&`Benefits  'aImproved fault isolation (bGood common-case performance )cCompatibility with commodity OS *dCompatibility with commodity OS +eEase of driver development X Pragmatics   QGenerating a microdriver UMarshaling annotationsN char *nullterm string; struct net_device *list next; struct pcnet32_rx_head *array( rx_ringsize ) rx_ring; Program analysis algorithms to infer need for annotations ; RPerformance of a microdrivere1000 device driver from Linux-2.6.18 Intel PRO/1000 gigabit network adapter Methodology Split into kerndriver and userdriver Ran both halves in the kernel Used delays to simulate user/kernel crosses Infrastructure is still in construction! Testbed Dual-core 3Ghz Pentium-D machine.t&' "&' " HTCP-send performanceYOpen questionsWill microdrivers improve system reliability in practice? Where are most of the bugs  in the kerndriver or in the userdriver? Will the transition to microdrivers expose otherwise latent bugs in device drivers?6:FT:FT4Microdrivers &  0  ,gSupplementary Material[ 8lObject tracking :m The splitter?Goal: Split the driver at function granularity Inputs: (1) Driver source code; (2) Hints specific to driver family irqreturn_t (int, void*, struct pt_regs*) int (struct sk_buff*, struct net_device*) Algorithm: Static call-graph based Identify and mark functions that match hints Mark functions called by these functions sT#V+>  V;nThe code generatorVGoal: Generate code for the kerndriver, the userdriver, and the runtime library Input: (1) Splitter output; (2) Marshaling annotations char *nullterm string; struct net_device *list next; struct pcnet32_rx_head *array( rx_ringsize ) rx_ring; Program analysis algorithms to infer need for annotationsk:J2 :7k Related workHardware-based isolation schemes Nooks [Swift et al., 2003], Using virtual machines [LeVasseur et al., 2004], Microkernel OSes Language-based isolation SafeDrive [Zhou et al., 2006], XFI [Erlingsson et al., 2006] User-space driver frameworks Fluke [Van Maren, 1999], FUSD [Elson, 2004] Automatic program partitioning Privtrans [Brumley and Song, 2004], Jif/Split [Zdancewic et al., 2001], Coign [Hunt and Scott, 1999] !Z^ZZ=ZZ,Z ZeZ!fff fff fff ff fff f  ffff/   ! #$./01469>   0` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғ3y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@,?dd@ "  o@ ` n?" dd@   @@``PN    @ ` `pB`B` A(    6X ` `  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0D  `  y9Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level!   :  00    >*   0\     @*   04 `  @* H  0޽h ? 33D<___PPT10..p6-O Default Design3  0  9'(    0 "`>`   T Click to edit Master title style! !  0  `    W#Click to edit Master subtitle style$ $  0X ^ `  >*   0 ^   @*   0 ^ `  @* H  0޽h ? 33D<___PPT10..i0"6 0 @*(    00m` P%   X*   0`  %  Z* d  c $ ?(K    0 `  0)  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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 `DԔ?"0@NNN?N  B @  `DԔ?"0@NNN?N  B B  fD ?"0@NNN?N  ,$@  0L C 3 rԔ?"6@ NNN?N @,$  0 8Upcalll A6  M A6 ,$@ 02 E 3 rԔ?"6@ NNN?Nw ) J C x8Ԕ?"6@ NNN?NA6T ;0x512il v  N ~ ,$@ 02 F 3 rԔ?"6@ NNN?Nw( B H # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N  ) K C xԔ?"6@ NNN?NvT ;0x248il (  O ( ,$D 02 G 3 rԔ?"6@ NNN?Nwh B I # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N(  ) L C xԔ?"6@ NNN?NT ;0x296~8  w  l  w  j  ft Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N   ;0x202 k  f$Ԕ?"6@ NNN?Np w  ;0x2960 w # ld(Ԕ?"6@`NNN?Ns  V"Synchronize shared data structures##$H  0޽h ? 33%___PPT10.F+DD'  = @B DT' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1%(Db' =%(D ' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*:%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*M%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*N%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*O%(DY' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*A%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*B%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*C%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*b%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*e%(D' =%(Dd' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*b%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*e%(+8+0+C0 +!  0 ?XD7(  Dx D c $T` `   x D c $, `   WD 0  `,$@ 0 * Challenging cases Locks Device memory and registers DMA memory Solution Userdriver must synchronize and update version seen by the kerndriverL- F- F,I 1 9 XD 3 rԔ?"6@`NNN?NvP Y%Memory objects with special semantics&&"H D 0޽h ? 33"  ___PPT10 .F+*D '  = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*WD%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*WD%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*WD5%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*WD5@%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*WD@I%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*WDI%(+   0 @>P(  r  S ,` `     S , `<$@ 0  H  0޽h ? 33v n ___PPT10N .-+ED" '  = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Nk%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*k%(DL' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+   0  >(  x  c $P9  `   H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.+D='  = @B +v(  0 ph>$)(  TF   pp   f1?"6@`NNN?N"  3 rڨ1?"6@`NNN?N  :KernelB   `DԔ?"0@NNN?N x  c $` `   0F ` 0   PP   f1?"6@`NNN?N  p     f1?"6@`NNN?N  "   # l`1?"6@`NNN?N`P @0  @ Applications  B   # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N0 0 HF  P p    @    f`Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N` Pp :Device   f1?"6@`NNN?N P pB   fDԔ?"0@NNN?NPPP B   fDԔ?"0@NNN?N Pp   # l\@ 1?"6@`NNN?NPp  > Userdriver    # l 1?"6@`NNN?Np  ;RuntimeB  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N  B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N  F  0    0 B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N00 B B # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N 0F Pp   Pp B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?NP B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N p z  `    p ,$D 0B  HD0?"0@NNN?N ` B B HD0?"0@NNN?N `    C (Aladybug  ,$@ 0z  `  !   ,$@ 0B " HD0?"0@NNN?N ` B #B HD0?"0@NNN?N ` f $ # l$L Ԕ?"6@`NNN?Np,$D 0 X$Fewer lines of in-kernel driver code%%$ ( # lpQ 1?"6@`NNN?N` p  > Kerndriver   ) # lP 1?"6@`NNN?N p `  ;RuntimeH  0޽h ? 33  ___PPT10 .p>+D '  = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(D' =%(Ds' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*!%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+p+0+$0 ++0+$0 +!!  0 > %(  TF   pp   f1?"6@`NNN?N"  3 rb 1?"6@`NNN?N  :KernelB   `DԔ?"0@NNN?N x  c $(f `    0F ` 0   PP   f1?"6@`NNN?N  p     f1?"6@`NNN?N  "   # lDh 1?"6@`NNN?N`P @0  @ Applications  B   # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N0 0 HF  P p    @    fm Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N` Pp :Device   f1?"6@`NNN?N P pB   fDԔ?"0@NNN?NPPP B   fDԔ?"0@NNN?N Pp   # l,r 1?"6@`NNN?NPp  > Userdriver    # lv 1?"6@`NNN?Np  ;RuntimeB  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N  B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N  F  0    0 B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N00 B B # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N 0F Pp   Pp B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?NP B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N p d   # ld| Ԕ?"6@`NNN?Np,$D 0 V"User/kernel crosses are infrequent##$z  p@  !  p ,$D 0< " # l4 Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N p  Z"Performance-critical functionality##B #B  fD)?"0@NNN?N @  $ # l̆ 1?"6@`NNN?N` p  > Kerndriver   % # l 1?"6@`NNN?N p `  ;RuntimeH  0޽h ? 337/___PPT10.p>+]>D'  = @B Df' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Da' =%(%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*!%(+8+0+ 0 +  0 > t(   TF    pp    f1?"6@`NNN?N"   3 r$ 1?"6@`NNN?N  :KernelB    `DԔ?"0@NNN?N x   c $< ``    0F ` 0    PP    f1?"6@`NNN?N  p     f1?"6@`NNN?N  "   # lX 1?"6@`NNN?N`P @0  @ Applications  B   # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N0 0 HF  P p    @     f Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N` Pp :Device    f1?"6@`NNN?N P pB    fDԔ?"0@NNN?NPPP B    fDԔ?"0@NNN?N Pp    # l@ 1?"6@`NNN?NPp  > Userdriver     # lL 1?"6@`NNN?Np  ;RuntimeB   # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N  B   # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N  F  0     0 B   # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N00 B  B # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N 0F Pp    Pp B   # lDԔ?"0@NNN?NP B   # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N p B    `D$?"0@NNN?N  ,$@ 0f   # ll Ԕ?"6@`NNN?NpC7,$D 0 X$Kernel/driver interface is unchanged%%$   # lD 1?"6@`NNN?N` p  > Kerndriver     # l 1?"6@`NNN?N p `  ;RuntimeH   0޽h ? 33g____PPT10?.p>+B>wD'  = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(Du' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+8+0+ 0 +w"  0 $?%'(  TF   p`   f1?"6@`NNN?N"  3 r 1?"6@`NNN?N X :KernelB   `DԔ?"0@NNN?N x  c $ ``    0F ` 0   PP   f1?"6@`NNN?N  p     f1?"6@`NNN?N  "   # l 1?"6@`NNN?N`P @0  @ Applications  B   # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N0 0 HF  P p    @    f Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N` Pp :Device   f1?"6@`NNN?N P pB   fDԔ?"0@NNN?NPPP B   fDԔ?"0@NNN?N Pp   # l| 1?"6@`NNN?NPp  > Userdriver    # l 1?"6@`NNN?Np  ;RuntimeB  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N  B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N  F  0    0 B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N00 B B # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N 0F Pp   Pp B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?NP B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N p f  # l Ԕ?"6@`NNN?Np,$D 0 X$Can coexist with traditional drivers%%$HF  P p   @   f Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N` Pp :Device    f1?"6@`NNN?N P p ! # lp 1?"6@`NNN?N p  :DriverB " # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N@ @F P p@ #  Pp@B $  fDԔ?"0@NNN?NP@p@B %  `DԔ?"0@NNN?NP P@ & # l, 1?"6@`NNN?N` p  > Kerndriver   ' # l 1?"6@`NNN?N p `  ;RuntimeH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10.p>+(Do'  = @B D*' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Da' =%(%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 ++  0 YQ ?&((  TF   pp   f1?"6@`NNN?N"  3 r 1?"6@`NNN?N  :KernelB   `DԔ?"0@NNN?N x  c $ ``    0F ` 0   PP   f1?"6@`NNN?N  p     f1?"6@`NNN?N  "   # l 1?"6@`NNN?N`P @0  @ Applications  B   # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N0 0 HF  P p    @    f  Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N` Pp :Device   f1?"6@`NNN?N P pB   fDԔ?"0@NNN?NPPP B   fDԔ?"0@NNN?N Pp   # lL 1?"6@`NNN?NPp  > Userdriver    # l 1?"6@`NNN?Np  ;RuntimeB  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N  B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N  F  0    0 B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N00 B B # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N 0F Pp   Pp B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?NP B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N p 9  # l Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N _+More tools available for driver development,,   # l ݻԔ?"6@`NNN?N` ,$D 0 *gdb,gprof, valgrind,& $ B   fDԔ?"0@NNN?N@ ,$@ 0B  @  fDԔ?"0@NNN?N`  ,$@ 0z  `  !  ` ,$D 0B " HD?"0@NNN?N ` B #B HD?"0@NNN?N ` z 0  $ 00P,$D 0B % HD?"0@NNN?N0@B &B HD?"0@NNN?N  ' # l 1?"6@`NNN?N` p  > Kerndriver   ( # l# 1?"6@`NNN?N p `  ;RuntimeH  0޽h ? 33k c ___PPT10C .p>+0D '  = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*!%(+8+0+0 +   0  =(  x  c $x1  `   H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.+D='  = @B +D  0 VN<p(  px p c $ ``    L p # l|* 1?"6@`NNN?N0 @ ,$@ 0 > Userdriver  I p # lh1?"6@`NNN?N @,$@ 0 ;Runtime\  p # lN1?"6@`NNN?Np ,$D 0 NTraditional device driverV"  p C x Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N` P ,$D 0 <Splitter  B  p@  fDԔ?"0@NNN?N  ,$@  0B p  fDԔ?"0@NNN?N 0  ,$@ 0B p  fDԔ?"0@NNN?Np p ,$@ 0\ p # l` 1?"6@`NNN?N  ,$@ 0 NTraditional device driverB p  fDԔ?"0@NNN?Np p ,$@ 0\" p C x Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N  ,$D  0 BCode generatorB p  fDԔ?"0@NNN?N p p ,$@  0X p  &h0e0e    BCPDEXF(  8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||PPPpP(PPP P P`P8 P@       "0e@`     @ABC DEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `abN 5%  N 5%  N    5%    !"?N@ABC DEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `ab0p,$@ 0R p  f1?"6@`NNN?N 0 ,$D 0 JMarshaling annotationsB p  fDԔ?"0@NNN?N 0 ,$@ 0F p # l Ԕ?"6@`NNN?Nz,$D  0 8KernF p # l Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N,$@  0 8UserL p # l0 1?"6@`NNN?N @,$D 0 > Kerndriver  I p # l 1?"6@`NNN?N  ,$@ 0 ;RuntimeH p 0޽h ? 33&&___PPT10%.p>+B2D&#'  = @B D"' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* p%(Df' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* p%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* p%(D' =%(D3' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =%(Du' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D$ ' =%(D ' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* p%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =%(Du' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(++0+p0 ++0+p0 ++0+ p0 ++0+ p0 ++0+ p0 ++0+p0 ++0+p0 ++0+p0 ++0+p0 ++0+p0 ++0+p0 ++0+p0 +   0 P=(  r  S x ` `     S x <$D 0   =  3 rdԔ?"6@`NNN?N#AN ])Need to serialize complex data structures**#H  0޽h ? 33J B ___PPT10" .p+YD '  = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*7%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*7m%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*n%(+  0 <P(  r  S % ` `     S -  `<$@ 0   H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10.*Ȧ+ED'  = @B Dm' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*&%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*&M%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*MY%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Y~%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*~%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+T  0  ~ ;  (  r  S l4 ` `    0 ZA c? ?V_) c  l 0   0,$@ 0;  C x: Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N0 0P  M60 million machine cyclesB   # lDԔ?"0@NNN?N0P l  0 ` ,$@ 0*  C x7 Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N 0 <26% rise  B  # lDԔ?"0@NNN?Nwl   P  P,$D 0%  3 rC Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N P = 6.8% drop  B   fDԔ?"0@NNN?N   # lԔ?"6@`NNN?Nppp ,$D 0\  3 rG Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N ?z,$@ 0 HRelative performance  3 rxK Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N,$D 0 t@Delay to simulate cost of user/kernel crossing (in microseconds)AAH  0޽h ? 33vn___PPT10N.?+D'  = @B Dm' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(Df' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+p+0+0 ++0+0 +v    0 =P(  r  S \ ` `     S 0] <$@ 0   H  0޽h ? 33^V___PPT106.P +ED '  = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*:%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*:%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+5  0`L0  p9(     fԔ?"6@`NNN?N 0`@,$@ 0   fԔ?"6@`NNN?N`  ,$@  0   fԔ?"6@`NNN?NP,$@ 0   fԔ?"6@`NNN?N ,$@  0   fԔ?"6@`NNN?N`,$@ 0    fԔ?"6@`NNN?N,$@ 0x  c $g ` `   t  # ll Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N6 ,$ 0 f2& improve fault isolation  # lp Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N9j,$ 0 zF& have good common-case performance$$  # lt Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N  ,$  0 |H& are compatible with commodity OSes%%  # lHy Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N P,$ 0 R& reduce the amount of code in the kernel**   # lz Ԕ?"6@`NNN?NL  ,$ 0 v& permit the use of user-mode tools for driver development<<   # lX Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N `V@,$ 0 ~& can be generated largely automatically from existing drivers@@H  0޽h ? 33##___PPT10l#.i0[b+D!'  = @B D!' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(Du' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DW' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DW' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DW' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DW' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DW' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D2' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+P+0+0 ++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+ 0 ++0+ 0 + 0 9.(  p `0  + #""rL Z`P =   # lH Ԕ?"6@ NNN?Np 8 0  [jha@cs.wisc.edu @`4   # ll Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N8 p  R Somesh Jha   @`o   # l Ԕ?"6@ NNN?Np 08  swift@cs.wisc.edu 0 @`7   # l Ԕ?"6@ NNN?Np 8  U Michael Swift @`p   # lh Ԕ?"6@ NNN?Np 0 arinib@cs.wisc.edu 0 @`<  # l Ԕ?"6@ NNN?Np  ZArini Balakrishnan @`l  # ld Ԕ?"6@ NNN?Np `0 vg@cs.wisc.edu 0 @`9  # lh Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N`p  WVinod Ganapathy @`B  Zo?"0@NNN?N`p `B  Zo?"0@NNN?N p B  Zo?"0@NNN?N`B  Zo?"0@NNN?N0`0B  Zo?"0@NNN?Np `0`B  Zo?"0@NNN?NB   Zo?"0@NNN?N00B " Zo?"0@NNN?N8 B $ Zo?"0@NNN?N008 B & Zo?"0@NNN?N8  B ( Zo?"0@NNN?N08 0 B * Zo?"0@NNN?Np 0  , 0  " ``  p2Microdrivers A New Architecture for Device Drivers"3 2&" . 0   0 p<Computer Sciences Department University of Wisconsin-Madison=Z=H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.O+D='  = @B +A  0L0 @8?4(  4 4  6 "`   H 4 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.R+D='  = @B ++  0L0 II@VV\H(  \:z  0 0 \  ,$D 02 \ # lԔ?"6@`NNN?Np0B \  fDԔ?"0@NNN?N 0 p \ # l1?"6@`NNN?N0 > Userdriver  @z P P@ \ )P Py ,$D  02 \ 3 rԔ?"6@`NNN?NP@B \  fDԔ?"0@NNN?NP 0@z P @  \ P y ,$D 02  \ 3 rԔ?"6@`NNN?NP@B  \  fDԔ?"0@NNN?NP p@z P p@  \ P  ,$D 02  \ 3 rԔ?"6@`NNN?N@B \  fDԔ?"0@NNN?NP p \ # l 1?"6@`NNN?Np > Kerndriver  @z  0 @ \ 0 0 ,$D  02 \ 3 rԔ?"6@`NNN?N `@B \  fDԔ?"0@NNN?N@0 :z  @ \  ,$D 02 \ # lԔ?"6@`NNN?N@B \  fDԔ?"0@NNN?N @z `0 @ \ `0 ,$D 02 \ 3 rԔ?"6@`NNN?N`@B \  fDԔ?"0@NNN?N0 x \ c $@ ` `    x \ c $  `   jv  `  \# #""r ( \ # l Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N   F @`( \ # l Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N   F @`( \ # lx# Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N   F @`( \ # l, Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N   F @`5  \ # l6 Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N 3  S0x248 @`5 !\ # l> Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N 3  S0x196 @`5 "\ # lG Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N ` 3 S0x512 @`5 #\ # lP Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N ` 3 S0x128 @`B $\ Zo ?"0@NNN?N ` `B %\ T1 ?"0@NNN?N 3 3B &\ T1 ?"0@NNN?N  B '\ T1 ?"0@NNN?N  B (\ Zo ?"0@NNN?N  B )\ Zo ?"0@NNN?N ` B *\ T1 ?"0@NNN?N ` B +\ Zo ?"0@NNN?N `  2 ,\ 3 r ?"6@`NNN?N ,$D 0Uz y   -\  P ,$@ 02 .\ # lԔ?"6@`NNN?Npp  2 /\ # lԔ?"6@`NNN?Np  2 0\ # lԔ?"6@`NNN?Np @ B 1\  fDԔ?"0@NNN?N  B 2\  fDԔ?"0@NNN?N  # 3\ 3 rV Ԕ?"6@ NNN?Ny M  ;0x128# 4\ 3 r@[ Ԕ?"6@ NNN?NXy MM  ;0x196# 5\ 3 rh_ Ԕ?"6@ NNN?Ny M  ;0x202zz    6\  ,$@ 0 7\ 3 rԔ?"6@`NNN?N  B 8\  `DԔ?"0@NNN?N  B 9\  `DԔ?"0@NNN?N  B :\  `DԔ?"0@NNN?N@ @ B ;\  `DԔ?"0@NNN?N  B <\  `DԔ?"0@NNN?N  B =\  fD ?"0@NNN?N  ,$@ 0L >\ 3 rd Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N @,$ 0 8Upcallz A6  ?\  A6 ,$@ 02 @\ # lԔ?"6@ NNN?Nw # A\ 3 rPi Ԕ?"6@ NNN?NA6T ;0x512ez v  B\  ~ ,$D  02 C\ # lԔ?"6@ NNN?Nw( B D\  fDԔ?"0@NNN?N  # E\ 3 rm Ԕ?"6@ NNN?NvT ;0x248ez (  F\  ( ,$D 02 G\ # lԔ?"6@ NNN?Nwh B H\  fDԔ?"0@NNN?N(  # I\ 3 r`r Ԕ?"6@ NNN?NT ;0x296z  w  J\   w ,$@ 0 K\  fv Ԕ?"6@ NNN?N   ;0x202 L\  fz Ԕ?"6@ NNN?Np w  ;0x296z  `  M\  p ,$D 0B N\ HD?"0@NNN?N ` B O\B HD?"0@NNN?N ` z  `  P\  0 ,$@ 0B Q\ HD?"0@NNN?N ` B R\B HD?"0@NNN?N ` "z  pP p S\  P ,$@ 0B T\  `DԔ?"0@NNN?Np pP pB U\  `DԔ?"0@NNN?N p p0 V\ # l؀ Ԕ?"6@`NNN?Ns  V"Synchronize shared data structures##$H \ 0޽h ? 3355___PPT10}5.F+r$^D5'  = @B D4' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,\%(D' =%(Df' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*-\%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,\%(DY' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*6\%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*=\%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*>\%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*?\%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*B\%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(DH' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* \%(DH' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<* \%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*F\%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*J\%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* \%(D' =%(Dd' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<* \%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*M\%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*S\%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* \%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P\%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(+8+0+>\0 +  0L0 0@d\(  dx d c $H ` `     d c $ <$D 0   H d 0޽h ? 33  ___PPT10 .+YD^ '  = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d/s%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*ds%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(DL' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d@%(+  0L0 @@h\(  hx h c $H ` `     h c $4 <$D 0   H h 0޽h ? 33 ~ ___PPT10^ .p+YD2 '  = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*hP%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h,%(+  0L0 ?Pn(  Px P c $ ` `     P c $  `<$@ 0    H P 0޽h ? 33  ___PPT10 .`"+ED^ '  = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P>%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P>%(+> 0 qi:(  X  C (K   i  S  0)   Is it possible to obtain good fault isolation, good performance, and retain compatibility with commodity operating systems? The answer is yes, and the solution is the Microdrivers architecture that I will describe in the rest of this talk.H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.< 0 h`:(  X  C (K   `  S p 0)   A popular solution to improve fault isolation is to use user-space device drivers. In this architecture, each device driver is programmed as a user-space process. Applications that need to communicate with a device do so via the operating system, which implements a runtime component that communicates with the device driver process. This is the solution adopted, for instance, by microkernel operating systems. The advantage of this architecture is that it offers good fault isolation. When a buggy device driver crashes, it does not bring down the rest of the operating system with it. At worst, the corresponding device is rendered unusable. In this case the buggy device driver was isolated via hardware, that is, process-based isolation.H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.'QD<J 0 ;<L(  <^ < S (K    < c $\` 0)   B- Define critical functions! Describe the algorithm used to identify critical functions  mention that you used function templates, identified once per family of drivers to identify these functions. Mention that you identified criticality at the function level of granularity, so this is only a conservative estimate of the number of lines of code along the critical path in the kernel."f-H < 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.nsQ 0 <t(  t^ t S (K    z t c $d 0)    There are several sophisticated tools that work with user space applications, but not with the kernel. Ability to use these tools during the driver development process (with the userdriver, because it contains most of the code of the device driver). H t 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.@o[ 0 >(  ^  S (K   z  c $;  0)   There are several sophisticated tools that work with user space applications, but not with the kernel. Ability to use these tools during the driver development process (with the userdriver, because it contains most of the code of the device driver). H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.@o\ 0 2* >(  X  C (K   *  S ~  0)   The runtime component must provide mechanisms for both control and data transfer. The mechanism used to implement control transfer is very similar to that of LRPC. Functions that are implemented in the userdriver are represented in the kernel driver as stubs. When the kernel driver needs to invoke functionality implemented in the userdriver, it invokes this function using an upcall mechanism. A symmetric downcall mechanism enables the user driver to call into the kerneldriver, in case it needs to invoke functionality implemented in the kernel. In our implementation, we used the ioctl system call to implement downcalls. We implemented upcalls by having the user process wait in the kernel for requests until woken up by the kernel with a request to execute a function implemented in the userdriver. The userdriver itself is implemented as a multithreaded process, so we can associate a unique thread to process a request from each different kernel thread. To invoke a function in the userdriver, the kerneldriver must also copy any necessary arguments as well as any data structures stored on the heap that may be needed by the function. We do so by marshaling the data structure in the kerneldriver and unmarshaling it in the user driver, or vice versa. Note that as a result, a data structure that is manipulated by both the kernel driver and the userdriver will exist in both kernel memory as well as in the memory of the userprocess. Thus, these copies of the data structure must be synchronized carefully. It is this need to synchronize shared data structures between the userdriver and kerndriver that differentiates the runtime of the microdriver from LRPC and Nooks XPCZH  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10..Y 0 P>(  X  C (K     S @ 0)   We studied the CVS logs of the e1000 driver to track changes to code in the kernel driver half and the user driver half, and our results were inconclusive.H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.0ҌUx] 0 p>(  X  C (K     S D 0)   vSuppose that the kernel driver needs to invoke functionality in the userdriver that will manipulate a data structure, such as a linked list. In this case, the stub for the function in the kerneldriver will serialize the linked list, and send it to the userdriver. The userdriver will use this buffer to either update the copy of the data structure that it has in its memory (if it exists already), or will create the data structure afresh. For example, suppose that the userdriver already has a copy of the list in memory, but the copy is stale, as shown here. In this case, the object tracker will use the table to update the existing nodes, and will create a new node when it finds a missing entry for 0x.202. Entries are removed from the object tracker when an shared data structure is freed in a protection domain. This is achieved by writing a wrapper around deallocator functions.H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.$H 0 YQ>(  X  C (K   Q  S  0)   In this case, just 25% of the code of the Microdriver was in the kerneldriver, the remaining was in the Userdriver. We needed about 20 distinct user decisions to annotate this driver (this is still work in progress)H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.ÇE;a 0 ld>(  ^  S (K   ^  c $"  0)   Microdrivers offer better fault isolation. There are two reasons for this. First, microdrivers reduce the amount of device driver code running in the kernel. Device driver functionality is now split between a kerneldriver and a userdriver. It is always good to reduce the amount of third party code running in the kernel. Reducing the amount of code running in the kernel has been a holy grail of systems research, and indeed has been the main motivation for several lines of research including extensible kernels and microkernels. Second, because the userdriver runs as a user-space process, it is automatically isolated from the rest of the operating system kernel. Thus, even if the userdriver is buggy, it will crash the process that runs the userdriver, and will render the device unusuable, but will not affect the rest of the OS. Even in this case, recovery mechanisms such as shadow drivers can be used to ensure that applications that access the device do not crash. Of course, a bug in the kerneldriver will still crash the operating system, but we hypothesize that the kerneldriver will contain fewer bugs per line of code than the userdriver. This is because the kerneldriver contains heavily tested functionality, i.e., functionality along the performance-critical path. Even so, if we can ensure that the fraction of code running in the kernel is much smaller than the code running in userspace, we can use techniques such as SFI to protect the kerneldriver.ZH  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.Qc 0 >(  ^  S (K   "   c $ "  0)  "  Interface is unchanged, so no changes needed to the operating system. Further, microdrivers can co-exist with traditional device driversH  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10. d 0 ?(  ^  S (K   "   c $4("  0)  "  Interface is unchanged, so no changes needed to the operating system. Further, microdrivers can co-exist with traditional device driversH  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10. e 0 0? (   ^   S (K   " z   c $D  0)  "  There are several sophisticated tools that work with user space applications, but not with the kernel. Ability to use these tools during the driver development process (with the userdriver, because it contains most of the code of the device driver). H   0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.@o; 0 D<?<(  <X < C (K   < < S  0)   Microdrivers combine the best features of macrokernels and user-space device drivers, and provide a path to create user-level device drivers.  OH < 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.@j`j 0 ?H(  H^ H S (K    H c $ܯ  0)   vSuppose that the kernel driver needs to invoke functionality in the userdriver that will manipulate a data structure, such as a linked list. In this case, the stub for the function in the kerneldriver will serialize the linked list, and send it to the userdriver. The userdriver will use this buffer to either update the copy of the data structure that it has in its memory (if it exists already), or will create the data structure afresh. For example, suppose that the userdriver already has a copy of the list in memory, but the copy is stale, as shown here. In this case, the object tracker will use the table to update the existing nodes, and will create a new node when it finds a missing entry for 0x.202. Entries are removed from the object tracker when an shared data structure is freed in a protection domain. This is achieved by writing a wrapper around deallocator functions.H H 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.$l 0  @`(  `^ ` S (K   "  ` c $/"  0)  "  vSuppose that the kernel driver needs to invoke functionality in the userdriver that will manipulate a data structure, such as a linked list. In this case, the stub for the function in the kerneldriver will serialize the linked list, and send it to the userdriver. The userdriver will use this buffer to either update the copy of the data structure that it has in its memory (if it exists already), or will create the data structure afresh. For example, suppose that the userdriver already has a copy of the list in memory, but the copy is stale, as shown here. In this case, the object tracker will use the table to update the existing nodes, and will create a new node when it finds a missing entry for 0x.202. Entries are removed from the object tracker when an shared data structure is freed in a protection domain. This is achieved by writing a wrapper around deallocator functions.H ` 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.$p 0 p@t(  t^ t S (K   z t c $ 0)   There are several sophisticated tools that work with user space applications, but not with the kernel. Ability to use these tools during the driver development process (with the userdriver, because it contains most of the code of the device driver). 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"2 7WArini Balakrishnan.-@Arial-. 2 7Vinod Ganapathy.-@Arial-. 2 e/ HotOS XI, 8a.-@Arial-.  2 cOth.-@Arial-. 2 eTMay 2007.-@Arial-. 12 J'Computer Sciences Department.-@Arial-. *2 Q'University of Wisconsin.-@Arial-.  2 Qa-C.-@Arial-. 2 QcMadison7.-՜.+,D՜.+,    On-screen ShowZP& ,Arial Wingdings Courier New Arial BlackDefault DesignMicrosoft Graph Chart3Microdrivers A New Architecture for Device Drivers IntroductionChallenging to write and debug MacrokernelsUser-space device driversBut"Best of both worlds: MicrodriversHow to produce a microdriver?How big is the kernel driver? Slide 10 Slide 11 Slide 12 Slide 13 MechanicsArchitecture of a microdriverCommunicationObject tracking Object tracking: Key challenges Recovery BenefitsImproved fault isolationGood common-case performance Compatibility with commodity OS Compatibility with commodity OSEase of driver development PragmaticsGenerating a microdriverMarshaling annotationsPerformance of a microdriverTCP-send performanceOpen questionsMicrodrivers Slide 33Supplementary MaterialObject tracking The splitterThe code generator Related work  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles&D 4<Version'_o0Vinod GanapathyVinod Ganapathy  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345689:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)PicturespmCurrent UserSummaryInformation(PowerPoint Document(7DocumentSummaryInformation8